PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Tom Arnold
AU  - John H. Earl, Jr.
AU  - Cassandra D. Marshall
AU  - Adam Schwartz
TI  - Using “Equivalent Tax Rates” to Determine Tax-Efficient Retirement Investment and Withdrawal
AID  - 10.3905/jwm.2018.1.063
DP  - 2018 Jul 02
TA  - The Journal of Wealth Management
PG  - jwm.2018.1.063
4099  - https://pm-research.com/content/early/2018/07/03/jwm.2018.1.063.short
4100  - https://pm-research.com/content/early/2018/07/03/jwm.2018.1.063.full
AB  - The authors propose an equivalent tax rate framework to compare the tax-efficient accumulation and withdrawal of retirement funds across multiple investment vehicles. The method allows for the consideration of a given investment vehicle’s expected return, time horizon, and tax treatment relative to a tax-deferred retirement account receiving pre-tax contributions and possible employer matching of contributions. The metric is comparable across alternative investment accounts irrespective of the specific marginal tax rate in place during the accumulation or distribution stages.